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Bitroot's technical articles, reference papers, and ecosystem updates

Articles

We write ongoing technical articles about Bitroot's parallel execution engine, consensus protocol, and AI-native EVM design, to help developers and researchers understand the implementation details behind them.

2026/09/22
Three Kinds of Storage, Don't Mix Them Up: Memory, Storage, and Transient Storage
The same 32 bytes of data can cost two orders of magnitude more or less in gas depending on whether it sits in memory, storage, or transient storage, and its lifetime is completely different too. This piece takes the three storage kinds apart along three lines — ownership, lifetime, and pricing — and explains where a reentrancy lock, a temporary array, and a state variable each belong.
2026/09/20
Stack Machine Anatomy: 256-bit Words, 1024-Item Stack Depth, and the Execution Loop
The EVM is a stack machine with no registers: 256-bit words, a 1024-item stack depth, and a program counter that can only jump to JUMPDEST. The fetch-decode-execute loop explains why stack underflow and overflow burn all the gas, and what a stack machine buys and gives up relative to a register machine.
2026/09/18
What the EVM Actually Is: From Distributed Ledger to Distributed State Machine
Treating Ethereum as a ledger of transfers misses its most important part: variables in account storage that can be read and written at will. Following the Yellow Paper's state transition function Υ(σ, T), Ethereum is a distributed state machine, and the EVM is the execution specification for that state transition. Bit-for-bit replay across the whole network then imposes a set of hard constraints on execution semantics.
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Papers

Below is a reading list of public papers and technical whitepapers related to Bitroot's technical direction — covering parallel execution, Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus, AI-native on-chain execution, and zero-knowledge verifiable computation — for readers who want to go deeper on the underlying research. These are third-party research works, not authored by the Bitroot team.

Parallel executionBlock-STM: Scaling Blockchain Execution by Turning Ordering Curse to a Performance Blessing
Rati Gelashvili, Alexander Spiegelman, Zhuolun Xiang, et al. (Aptos Labs / Novi Research) · PPoPP 2023 / arXiv 2022

An optimistic concurrency control scheduler for parallel EVM/Move execution using speculative execution and multi-version data structures — the direct technical ancestor of most "parallel EVM" designs today, Bitroot included.

Parallel executionParallel Execution & Monad
Monad Labs · Technical announcement (not peer-reviewed)

Describes Monad's optimistic parallel execution and async execution pipeline for a high-throughput EVM L1, useful as an industry comparator.

ConsensusPractical Byzantine Fault Tolerance
Miguel Castro, Barbara Liskov · OSDI 1999

The foundational Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus protocol, the baseline that HotStuff and modern pipelined BFT variants are measured against.

ConsensusHotStuff: BFT Consensus in the Lens of Blockchain
Maofan Yin, Dahlia Malkhi, Michael K. Reiter, Guy Golan Gueta, Ittai Abraham (VMware Research) · PODC 2019 / arXiv 2018

Introduces a linear, pipelined, leader-based BFT protocol with responsiveness — the basis for Libra/Diem, Aptos, and many production consensus protocols.

ConsensusNarwhal and Tusk: A DAG-based Mempool and Efficient BFT Consensus
George Danezis, Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias, Alberto Sonnino, Alexander Spiegelman (Mysten Labs / Novi) · EuroSys 2022 / arXiv 2021

Decouples data dissemination (a DAG-based mempool) from ordering to enable high-throughput consensus — the direct ancestor of Sui's Bullshark/Mysticeti.

AI-native on-chain executionML2SC: Deploying Machine Learning Models as Smart Contracts on the Blockchain
See paper for authors · arXiv 2024

Translates PyTorch models into Solidity contracts, enabling on-chain MLP inference via fixed-point arithmetic — the closest verifiable academic analog to "AI-native EVM instructions."

Zero-knowledge verifiable computationA Survey of Zero-Knowledge Proof Based Verifiable Machine Learning
See paper for authors · arXiv 2025

A comprehensive survey of zkML research from 2017-2025, covering verifiable training, testing, and inference.

Zero-knowledge verifiable computationZKML: An Optimizing System for ML Inference in Zero-Knowledge Proofs
Daniel Kang, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Ion Stoica, Yi Sun · EuroSys 2024

The first system to produce ZK-SNARKs for realistic-scale vision models and a distilled GPT-2, demonstrating the feasibility of zero-knowledge proofs for auditing AI inference.

High-throughput architectureSolana: A New Architecture for a High Performance Blockchain
Anatoly Yakovenko · Technical whitepaper

Introduces Proof of History for lock-free transaction ordering, a representative approach to high-throughput blockchain architecture.

High-throughput architectureTowards Scaling Blockchain Systems via Sharding
Ittay Eyal, Adem Efe Gencer, Emin Gün Sirer, Robbert Van Renesse (Cornell University) · SIGMOD 2018 / arXiv

Proposes an elastic sharding protocol, a canonical academic reference on blockchain sharding for scalability.

News

Below are milestones the Bitroot ecosystem has already shipped and that you can visit and verify directly right now — not secondhand summaries. Each one links to a live, working entry point.

Public testnet is live, with real-time data

The testnet sustains 100,000+ TPS with roughly 0.3-second transaction finality, and all of it is queryable live in the explorer.

View the explorer →
The cross-chain bridge is open

Asset bridging is now live, letting you move assets between Bitroot and other ecosystems.

Go to the bridge →
The developer faucet is live

Developers can claim free testnet tokens for contract deployment and debugging.

Claim test tokens →
The codebase is open source

Bitroot's core code is public on GitHub — node operators and contributors are welcome.

View on GitHub →
The Bitroot Foundation grant program is open

Grant applications are now open for builders working in the ecosystem.

Learn about grants →
The technical whitepaper is published

The full bilingual technical whitepaper is live, with the theoretical detail and proofs behind the protocol design.

Read the whitepaper →